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GPR21

Family: Class A Orphans

Contents:
Gene and Protein Information
Previous and Unofficial Names
Database Links
Transduction Mechanisms
Tissue Distribution
Expression Datasets
Physiological Functions
Physiological Consequences of Altering Gene Expression
General Comments
References
Gene and Protein Information
class A G protein-coupled receptor
Species TM AA Chromosomal Location Gene Symbol Gene Name Reference
Human 7 349 9q33 GPR21 G protein-coupled receptor 21 1
Mouse 7 349 2 B Gpr21 G protein-coupled receptor 21
Rat 7 349 3q11 Gpr21 G protein-coupled receptor 21
Previous and Unofficial Names
LOC689917
G protein-coupled receptor 21
probable G-protein coupled receptor 21
similar to G protein-coupled receptor 21
C230004C13Rik
Database Links
Ensembl ENSG00000188394 (Hs), ENSMUSG00000053164 (Mm), ENSRNOG00000042269 (Rn)
Entrez Gene 2844 (Hs), 338346 (Mm), 311911 (Rn)
GeneCards GPR21 (Hs)
GenitoUrinary Development Molecular Anatomy Project Gpr21 (Mm)
HomoloGene 74546 (Hs)
Human Protein Reference Database 03551 (Hs)
InterPro Q99679 (Hs), Q8BX79 (Mm)
KEGG Gene hsa:2844 (Hs), mmu:338346 (Mm), rno:311911 (Rn)
OMIM 601909 (Hs)
PharmGKB Gene PA28864 (Hs)
PhosphoSitePlus Q99679 (Hs), Q8BX79 (Mm)
RefSeq Nucleotide NM_005294 (Hs), NM_177383 (Mm), NM_001109554 (Rn)
RefSeq Protein NP_005285 (Hs), NP_796357 (Mm), NP_001103024 (Rn)
TreeFam ENSG00000188394 (Hs), ENSMUSG00000053164 (Mm), ENSRNOG00000042269 (Rn)
UniGene Hs. 656648 (Hs)
UniProt Q99679 (Hs), Q8BX79 (Mm)
Wikipedia GPR21
Orphan and other 7TM receptors
Primary Transduction Mechanisms
Comments:  GPR21 was reported to activate the Gq pathway based on its effect on calcium-sensitive CHO cells using a transcription-based reporter assay.
References:  1
Tissue Distribution
Brain (especially pre-optic area of the hypothalamus), adipose tissue, liver, bone marrow, spleen, macrophages
Species:  Mouse
Technique:  Quantitative real time PCR
References:  2-3
Tissue Distribution Comments
GPR21 was isolated originally from the brain, but the transcripts of GPR21 gene were not detected in the human brain regions (thalamus, putamen, caudate, frontal cortex, pons, hypothalamus, hippocampus) examined by Northern blot analysis [1].
Expression Datasets

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Log average relative transcript abundance in mouse tissues measured by qPCR from Regard, J.B., Sato, I.T., and Coughlin, S.R. (2008). Anatomical profiling of G protein-coupled receptor expression. Cell, 135(3): 561-71. [PMID:18984166] [Raw data: website]

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Physiological Functions
Migration of macrophages into inflammatory tissue in obesity
Species:  Mouse
Tissue:  Adipose tissue and liver
References:  3
Regulation of body weight and glucose metabolism
Species:  Mouse
Tissue: 
References:  2
Physiological Consequences of Altering Gene Expression
Resistant to diet-induced obesity. Mice deficient for the GPR21 gene exhibit an increase in glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity and a modest lean phenotype.
Species:  Mouse
Tissue:  Embryonic stem cells
Technique:  Knockout (deletion of exon)
References:  2-3
Mice with deletion of GPR21 are protected from obesity-induced inflammation and insulin resistance, with reduced macrophage infiltration into adipose tissue and liver. GPR21 KO macrophages do not undergo cytoskeletal reorganisation and display defective chemotactic activity in response to adipocyte conditioned medium.
Species:  Mouse
Tissue:  Macrophage
Technique:  Knockout
References:  3
General Comments
GPR21 contains a lysine residue in an analogous position to that of the endothelin receptor which is important for its binding to a peptide agonist [2].

REFERENCES

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1. Bresnick, JN; Skynner, HA; Chapman, KL; Jack, AD; Zamiara, E; Negulescu, P; Beaumont, K; Patel, S; McAllister, G. (2003) Identification of signal transduction pathways used by orphan g protein-coupled receptors. Assay Drug Dev Technol, 1 (2): 239-49. [PMID:15090189]

2. Gardner, J; Wu, S; Ling, L; Danao, J; Li, Y; Yeh, WC; Tian, H; Baribault, H. (2012) G-protein-coupled receptor GPR21 knockout mice display improved glucose tolerance and increased insulin response. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 418 (1): 1-5. [PMID:22155242]

3. Osborn, O; Oh, da Y; McNelis, J; Sanchez-Alavez, M; Talukdar, S; Lu, M; Li, P; Thiede, L; Morinaga, H; Kim, JJ; et al.. (2012) G protein-coupled receptor 21 deletion improves insulin sensitivity in diet-induced obese mice. J. Clin. Invest., 122 (7): 2444-53. [PMID:22653059]

To cite this database page, please use the following:

Wen Chiy Liew.
Class A Orphans: GPR21. Last modified on 26/07/2012. Accessed on 24/05/2013. IUPHAR database (IUPHAR-DB), http://iuphar-db.org/DATABASE/ObjectDisplayForward?objectId=92.


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